Foz do Enxarrique
Basic information
Sample name: Foz do Enxarrique
Reference: S. D. Figueiredo, L. Raposo, and F. Sousa. 2021. Upper Pleistocene fauna from the Middle Palaeolithic Site of Foz do Enxarrique (Vila Velha de Ródäo, Naturtejo Unesco Global Geopark). Geoconservation Research 4(2):685-693 [ER 3975]
Geography
Country: Portugal
Coordinate: 39° 39' N, 7° 40' W
Coordinate basis: based on nearby landmark
Time interval: Late Pleistocene
Max Ma: 0.034
Min Ma: 0.032
Age basis: U/Th
Geography comments: the site is shown in the map of Fig. 1 as immediately to the southwest of Vila Velha de Rodao (basis of coordinate)
"U/Th series study of some teeth dated the Mousterian level between 34 and 32 Ka (Raposo 1995) and OSL and IRSL dating of sediments (quartz) (Cunha et al. 2008, 2016, 2019) gave the age of the terrace where the archeological site is located between 44 and 39 Ka"
"U/Th series study of some teeth dated the Mousterian level between 34 and 32 Ka (Raposo 1995) and OSL and IRSL dating of sediments (quartz) (Cunha et al. 2008, 2016, 2019) gave the age of the terrace where the archeological site is located between 44 and 39 Ka"
Environment
Lithology: sandstone
Taphonomic context: fluvial deposit,human accumulation
Archaeology: stone tools
Habitat comments: "a fine sandy stratigraphic sequence of about 6 m in thickness that originated as a composite river terrace at the Enxarrique confluence. The lithic industry, consisting of quartzite, quartz and rare flint or flint-like materials, is characterized by the occurrence of nuclei, centripetal discoids and levallois, and a high incidence of by-products, consisting mainly of flakes and debris" and is Mousterian
"The over-representation of the cranial skeleton part suggests the idea that the site served as a hunting zone... by this Neanderthal community. Thirteen bones were identified with marks from the action of carnivores/scavengers and 15 with marks from human butchery, nine with cutmarks and six with evidence of burning... The bones show minimal pre-depositional abrasion and accumulation produced by river flooding"
"The over-representation of the cranial skeleton part suggests the idea that the site served as a hunting zone... by this Neanderthal community. Thirteen bones were identified with marks from the action of carnivores/scavengers and 15 with marks from human butchery, nine with cutmarks and six with evidence of burning... The bones show minimal pre-depositional abrasion and accumulation produced by river flooding"
Methods
Life forms: carnivores,ungulates,other small mammals
Sampling methods: quarry
Sample size: 399 specimens
Sampling comments: percentage data are given in Table 3; exact counts are given by Brugal and Raposo (1999), whose taxonomy is updated here
Metadata
Sample number: 4386
Contributor: John Alroy
Enterer: John Alroy
Created: 2023-12-03 10:58:25
Modified: 2023-12-02 23:58:25
Abundance distribution
8 species
3 singletons
total count 399
geometric series index: 13.9
Fisher's α: 1.418
geometric series k: 0.4631
Hurlbert's PIE: 0.5612
Shannon's H: 1.0170
Good's u: 0.9925
Each square represents a species. Square sizes are proportional to counts.
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Register
| Cervus elaphus | 219 | 104 kg |
| Equus ferus | 146 | 422 kg |
| "Equus caballus" | ||
| †Bos primigenius | 9 | |
| †Palaeoloxodon antiquus | 5 | |
| Rhinocerotidae indet. | 1 | |
| "Rhinoceros sp." | ||
| Oryctolagus cuniculus | 17 | 2.5 kg browser-grazer |
| Vulpes sp. | 1 | |
| Crocuta sp. | 1 | |